How can architects talk about climate change?
The Architect: The climate action edition, Spring 2020
This is an expanded version of an article called On Communication that I wrote for The Architect, the Victorian Chapter of the Institute’s magazine, published in November 2020.
You can read the printed version and the entire issue - including articles by Kate Nason, Caroline Pidcock, and Jeremy McLeod and Madeline Sewall, and featuring projects by Breathe Architects, Mihaly Slocombe and BKK Architects - via this link.
2020 has sharpened the collective attention of Australians around climate emergency and our ability to take bold, decisive action, like we experienced in response to Covid19.
Tumultuous events this year have prompted us to ask: ‘What’s next? Will we go back to business as usual, or chart a new direction that reduces our impact on the planet?’
Perhaps we’ll collectively commit to reducing carbon emissions by 45%[1], as outlined in the Paris Agreement. Doing so will require deep structural change: global emissions must fall by between 3% and 7% each year between now and 2030 to limit climate change well below 1.5℃ and 2℃ respectively, according to the United Nations Gap report[2].
For architects who want to facilitate structural and individual change – but largely rely on clients and regulators to set the financial and environmental parameters of their projects – there is plenty of apprehension about these goals.
However there is hope, too, because today – more than ever before – the Australian public is ready to engage with notions of climate change mitigation and resilience in relation to the built environment. Ipsos research from April found that 57% of Australians want climate change initiatives to be prioritised in the post-Covid19 economic recovery activities[3].
Unfortunately, the federal government’s HomeBuilder stimulus package – announced in early June – failed to prioritise energy efficiency upgrades, or link funding to improved performance, although Chief Scientist Alan Finkel added his voice to the call for greater investment for energy efficiency measures in buildings, in mid-June[4].
So what does a low carbon future look like, and how can architects become agents of change to deliver it? And what are the best ways to engage clients (and the broader public) around these complex issues?
Step one: Embed low carbon commitments into your business plan
According to research by CB Bhattacharya, Professor of Sustainability and Ethics at the University of Pittsburgh, companies that set out to reduce their carbon footprint or waste achieve better results when they make sustainability an integral part of their core purpose, and communicate that commitment to the entire staff.
“That’s clear from a recent analysis I conducted of environmental, social and governance performance data on over 3,000 companies during a 10-year period,” Prof Bhattacharya said. “I found that companies that said they have an ‘overarching vision’ that combines financial goals with social and environmental ones tended to perform better on a measure of their impact on the environment. They also tended to perform better financially as well.”[5]
In January, Architects Act instigated a campaign for practices to go carbon neutral in 2020, before publishing a guide to do so in June (which I helped to co-author and you can download for free here). The next step involves bringing clients into the journey.
Step two: Know and understand your audiences
In terms of communications, “clients” and “the public” are not homogenous, one-size-fits-all groups, so tailored messages are required. These will vary according to existing levels of knowledge; familiarity with the terminology; and degrees of engagement with the issue.
The Global Warming Six Americas[6] study provides a useful framework for this: it identified six main categories around climate change beliefs and approaches, as follows:
The Alarmed are fully convinced of the reality and seriousness of climate change and are already taking individual, consumer, and political action to address it.
The Concerned are also convinced that global warming is happening and a serious problem, but have not yet engaged with the issue personally.
Three other Americas – the Cautious, the Disengaged, and the Doubtful – represent different stages of understanding and acceptance of the problem, and none are actively involved.
The final group – the Dismissive are very sure it is not happening and are actively involved as opponents of a national effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Researcher Dr Rebecca Huntly suggests that Australians can be similarly categorised, and she’s written a new book called ‘How to Talk About Climate Change in a Way That Makes a Difference’. It marries climate change messaging with psychology, and is described as “a toolkit for understanding our emotional responses to climate change and how we can have meaningful conversations across dividing lines”.
Step three: Decide on key messages and frame them to suit your audiences
Several key psychological theories can be applied to frame messaging for different audiences, and enable you to strike the right tone.
These include Loss Aversion theory (people are more motivated by fear of loss than promise of gain)[7] and Inoculation theory (whereby you pre-bunk common myths around a hotly contested issue)[8].
It’s also important to understand how and where your target audiences seek and acquire new knowledge and information. For example, research by the CRC for Low Carbon Living (CRCLCL) found that mass media plays an important role in shaping home renovation practices and approaches to energy efficiency.
The CRC’s report ‘Hashtag Sustainability? Home Renovators’ Media World’ states: “While there is great potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by improving energy efficiency through changes to building layout, structures, fixtures and appliances as Australian homes are being renovated, this potential is not currently being realised. It appears that ‘top down’ approaches by government to encourage low carbon renovations are relatively ineffective in changing renovators’ practices”.[9]
The study recommended that: “TV story-based and entertaining content needs to be taken seriously as an avenue for mainstream education and engagement”.
So the CSIRO, CRCLCL and NSW Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) joined forces to commission The Blue Tribe to create new television content for mass market audiences.
The cast of the pilot episode of Renovate or Rebuild, a new series that will air in television in 2021.
‘Renovate or Rebuild’ is targeted at the renovation market and – after being delayed by Covid19 – it will be filmed and broadcast on commercial television later this year. ‘Home Run’ targets the volume builder market, and aspires to “drive mainstream consumer demand for Net Zero energy housing in Australia”.
Both of these series will deliberately eschew design-focussed terms such as energy efficiency, passive solar, cross ventilation and thermal mass. Rather, they focus on three main considerations that resonate strongly with consumers: comfort, health and efficiency.
Architects should therefore consider re-framing the way they present climate change and design messages, by choosing angles, words and phrases that target audiences will easily connect and engage with.
It’s also important to strike the right tone: to be informative and entertaining, rather than hectoring and shaming.
Step four: Back up your key messages with evidence
Data and evidence-based research is currently reframing the way we talk about climate change, and should be used to back up architects’ claims and messaging too. British architect and researcher Professor Flora Samuel has called for architects to further quantify the value of architecture and good design in her book ‘Why Architects Matter’.
Prof Samuel also recently spearheaded the development of a new Social Value Toolkit for Architecture[10]. It provides a set of useful post-occupation questions for architects to chart the social value of their projects.
Closer to home, the Office of the Victorian Government Architect recently released ‘The Case for Good Design’[11] an overview of research on the impact of design in healthcare, education, workplaces, housing, justice, urban design and transport projects.
The performance metrics of good design – especially around climate change – should be further researched, quantified and promoted. For example, research conducted by Sustainability Victoria in 2014 found that some consumers experienced “renovation regret” brought on by higher energy bills combined with uncomfortable summer and winter temperatures, despite having invested heavily in their homes.
“A lot of people underestimate the importance of energy saving when renovating,” said Smarter Renovations Project Lead. Sarah Fiess. “A home renovation presents one of the best opportunities to improve comfort, save money and add value to a home.”[12]
Architects should therefore clearly explain and promote the benefits of good design, especially to address and counter possible misleading claims from some volume builders about energy ratings.[13]
A great example of practical, architect-led research is a new report co-authored by H+H Architects and Bio Diverse Solutions[14] which explores the cost of building bushfire resistant homes. It addressed misinformation and confusion about the cost of building to AS3959 and BAL standards, and promotes new homes that are resilient, durable, high-performance and site-responsive.
Step five: Contribute to creating the new pathway
In the UK, several networks such as the London Energy Transformation Initiative (LETI) and Architects’ Climate Action Network (ACAN) are developing practical guidelines and transformative roadmaps towards a low carbon future.
In Australia, the Institute of Architects established a Climate Action and Sustainability Taskforce in January to co-ordinate its response. And Architects Declare is co-ordinating actions and is keen to encourage more input from the profession to develop and share resources, plans, research, best practice, future visions and exemplar projects.
AAD is holding regular meet-ups in each state, and hosting online events and campaigns around the movement’s 11 guiding principles. Signatory individuals and practices can make contact with the local group in their state to contribute and take action. Contact details and social media links are available at https://au.architectsdeclare.com.
References
[1] Summary for Policymakers of IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C approved by governments, IPCC, Source: www.ipcc.ch/2018/10/08/summary-for-policymakers-of-ipcc-special-report-on-global-warming-of-1-5c-approved-by-governments/
[2] Emissions Gap Report 2019, UN Environment Program, Source: https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2019
[3] Two thirds of citizens around the world agree climate change is as serious a crisis as Covid-19, Ipsos survey, Source: https://www.ipsos.com/en-au/two-thirds-citizens-around-world-agree-climate-change-serious-crisis-covid-19-ipsos-survey
[4] Chief scientist joins calls for Australia to dramatically boost energy efficiency, The Guardian, Source: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/21/chief-scientist-joins-calls-for-australia-to-dramatically-boost-energy-efficiency
[5] Winning worker hearts and minds is key to companies achieving their green goal, The Conversation, Source: https://theconversation.com/winning-worker-hearts-and-minds-is-key-to-companies-achieving-their-green-goals-130026
[6] Global Warming’s Six Americas, Yale Program on Climate Communication, Source: https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/about/projects/global-warmings-six-americas/
[7] What is Loss Aversion, Psychology Today, Source: https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/science-choice/201803/what-is-loss-aversion
[8] Climate change: three ways to market the science to reach the sceptics, The Conversation, Source: https://theconversation.com/climate-change-three-ways-to-market-the-science-to-reach-the-sceptics-128744
[9] RP3021 Report: Media & Home Renovations: Hashtag Sustainability? Home Renovators’ Media World, CRC for Low Carbon Living, Source: http://www.lowcarbonlivingcrc.com.au/sites/all/files/publications_file_attachments/rp3021_media_and_communication_strategies_final_9_march_2017_0.pdf
[10] Social Value Toolkit for Architecture, RIBA, Source: https://www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/resources-landing-page/social-value-toolkit-for-architecture
[11] The case for good design - A guide for government, OVGA, Source: https://www.ovga.vic.gov.au/case-good-design-guide-government
[12] Sustainability Victoria to debut its Smarter Renovations program at Build Expo 2014, AIFF, Source: https://www.aiff.net.au/news/sustainability-victoria-to-debut-its-smarter-renovations-program-at-build-expo-2014/
[13] Spruiking the stars: some home builders are misleading consumers about energy ratings, The Conversation, Source: https://theconversation.com/spruiking-the-stars-some-home-builders-are-misleading-consumers-about-energy-ratings-136402
[14] How much does it really cost to build homes that will survive bushfire?, Kathryn Kinnear and Julie de Jong, Fire Australia, Source: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/552b7e78e4b089f687301d5d/t/5ed707dab0544a139d29f0ba/1591150576694/Fire+Aust_Project+BAL+Build+As+published+May+2020.pdf